Song: an Effective Technique and Material in Learning English

Song: An Effective Technique and Material in Learning English English has an important role in many aspects of life. This statement leads us to the reason of why this language should be taught in schools. In Indonesia, English is used as the first foreign language that should be learned by the students even from elementary school until university. In using the language, there are many elements that have to be mastered, covering reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Song refer to a piece of music that have words and can be used in language teaching.It is suggested to include songs in language learning as well. The possibility of using songs in English as a foreign language class has been actively considered for the last two decades. It is considered because songs have many values in language teaching. Orlova (2003), states that it is possible to suggest that among the methodological purposes that songs are used in class, it is possible to rank the following: 1. Practicing the rhy thm, stress and the intonation patterns of the English language. 2. Teaching vocabulary, especially in the vocabulary reinforcement stage 3.Teaching grammar. In this respect songs are especially favored by teachers while investigating the use of the tenses. 4. Teaching speaking. For this purpose, songs and mainly their lyrics are employed as a stimulus for class discussion 5. Teaching listening comprehension 6. Developing writing skills. For this purpose a song can be used in a variety of ways. From the songs, we can learn many things such as vocabulary, grammar, listening, speaking, writing, and of course reading. Benefit of Song Griffe (1992: 4) points out some advantages in using songs and music in the language classroom.There are some categories mentioned by Griffe, namely in classroom atmosphere, cultural input, text and student interest. They are as follows; 1. Songs create enjoyable classroom atmosphere Dealing with classroom atmosphere, songs and music can be used to make st udents relaxed and provide enjoyable classroom conditions. 2. They can introduce the culture of the songs. Either songs or music is reflection of the time and place that produce them. When the teacher brings songs into classroom, he will also bring the culture of the songs in the classroom. 3. Songs can be used as textsSongs also can be used as texts in the same way that a poem, short story or novel provided in the language classroom. From explanation above, songs have many benefits. Some of them are songs can motivate the students and make them more confident in their ability to listen the materials. The Criteria of Song Selection The important thing about choosing a song to do with a class is to make sure that the lyrics are clear. It can be very frustrating for the students not to understand a word. The recording should also be a good one. Lynch (2008), provides three principal song selection criteria, as follows: 1.Use songs that are popular with the students whenever possible. Unfortunately, students frequently select songs for classroom use which are objectionable in some way making the song unusable. 2. Songs must have clear and understandable lyrics. Nothing is worse than a song almost nobody can understand. If you have trouble understanding the lyrics by listening, then another song needs to be selected. 3. Songs should have an appropriate theme. There’s enough bad news, negativity and violence in the world already. Songs with any type of negative theme should be avoided. There are plenty of positive, upbeat, even humorous songs available.It is realized when teaching the students; we should choose the songs with suitable level of difficulty. The suitability of the song is a particularly important issue. It should be known whether or not the students like the song. The use of Singing Procedure There are various ways of using songs in the classroom. The level of the students, the interests and the age of the learners, the grammar point to be stud ied, and the song itself have determinant roles on the procedure. Apart from them, it mainly depends on the creativity of the teacher. Some examples of these techniques are: 1. Gap fills or close texts . Focus questions 3. True-false statements 4. Put the lines into the correct sequence 5. Dictation 6. Add a final verse 7. Circle the antonyms/synonyms of the given words 8. Discuss Many experienced textbook and methodology manual writers argue that songs have a great educational value. It can’t be denied that children, teenagers, and adults like music. While they are singing it, they are also doing other activities like learning, remembering new vocabulary, studying to pronounce words, etc. So, let’s try to learn English by using song and get the result! BIBLIOGRAPHY: Griffe, Dale T. 1992. Songs in Action.UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd. Lynch, Larry M. (2008). Using Popular Songs to Improve Language Listening Comprehension Skills. http://esl4free. blogspot. com/200 8/02/can-music-improve-your-students. htm†¦. Orlova, Natalia F. (March 2003). Helping Prospective EFL Teachers Learn How to Use Songs in Teaching Conversation Classes. The Internet TESL Journal. http://iteslj. org/Technoques/Orlova-Songs. html Ditulis oleh: Kristin Rahayu, S,Pd Guru Bahasa Inggris di SMK TKM Teknik Purworejo Jalan Ahmad Yani No 8 Purworejo 54111 No HP: 085725038093 email: rahayu. [email  protected] com

Beers and Cutler Company

The Beers and Cutler Company provides accounting and consulting services for other organizations, institutions, or other clients that might require their services. (â€Å"Firm Profile,† 2008) The company primarily acts as an accounting firm, but other tasks and roles carried out by Beers and Cutler include tax and auditing, and even major business-related operations and processes such as strategic planning and consultancy for other business processes.(â€Å"Industry Profile: Accounting Services,† 2008) However, the latter aforementioned services provided by Beers and Cutler are only available in Washington, D. C. (Sarath, 2008) The company has been around since 1967 operating primarily for the real estate industry. However, the aim of Beers and Cutler company to expand and add value to the its reputation, image, and capabilities motivated it to venture into new fields and areas and implement a wider range of services that are highly beneficial to most organizations or i nstitutions.At the moment, Beers and Cutler is able to cover the needs and demands of various fields such as the â€Å"automotive, construction, hospitality, retail and technology† (Sarath, 2008) industries. To further its capabilities and advantages, Beers and Cutler have become a member of The Baker Tilly International which facilitates communication, networking, sharing or resources, and such between accounting firms and business organizations around the world. (Sarath, 2008)Beers and Cutler considers the fulfillment of various goals and objectives in diverse and multiple organizations as the company’s mission. The company aims to accomplish this mission by helping business organizations achieve their corporate goals and objectives by providing aforementioned services timely and efficiently. (â€Å"Firm & Profile,† 2008) Moreover, the employment of highly knowledgeable, skilled, and competent individuals is one of the company’s strategies in gaining co mpetitive advantage.Career opportunities made available by the company include job openings for students, fresh graduates, as well as experienced professionals. For students, the company is searching for individuals who might fit jobs under the fields of Assurance and Tax, and Consulting. (â€Å"College Recruiting,† 2008) For experienced professionals, Beers and Cutler is looking for individuals that might fulfill roles under the areas of Assurance and Tax, Consulting Practice, and Practice Administration and Support. (â€Å"Experienced Professionals,† 2008)For the good of its employees and members, Beers and Cutler offers reasonable salary packages and benefits. Reviewing available career opportunities that the company is offering, the salary packages that Beers and Cutler are offering range from $60,000 to $150,000 annually. However, as the total amount of the salary package increases, the number of needed individuals or employees decreases. For instance, the career opportunity that pays $150,000 a year only offers one single slot for the said position. (â€Å"Beers Cutler Jobs in Washington, D. C. ,† 2008)On the other hand, the benefits provided by the company to its employees are competitive enough, fostering full compensation for the contributions of its constituents. For instance, individuals who get hired for a position in the company are provided with the benefit of a four-week break or vacation from work, with payment. This generous package for employees is motivated by the company’s sensitivity to providing a well-balanced working environment for its members in order to foster creativity, productivity, and high quality work outputs. (â€Å"Microsoft Web Developers: BEERS and CUTLERS,† 2008)Basically, the marketing plan of Beers and Cutler follows the concept of direct-to-person marketing or personal contact with clients or consumers. The firm utilizes means or tools of marketing that communicate directly to end user s or individuals. Beers and Cutler utilize direct mailing systems to send informational messages to individuals, seminars to capture the attention of a large audience at the same time, and personal referrals or word of mouth. (â€Å"Industry Profile: Accounting Services,† 2008) References â€Å"Beers Cutler Jobs in Washington, D. C. † (2008).Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Indeed. Website: http://www. indeed. com/q-Beers-+-Cutler-l-Washington,-DC-jobs. html â€Å"College Recruiting. † (2008). Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Beers and Cutler PLLC. Website: http://www. beersandcutler. com/careers/college-recent-graduates/opportunities/ â€Å"Experienced Professionals. † (2008). Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Beers and Cutler PLLC. Website: http://www. beersandcutler. com/careers/experienced/opportunities/ â€Å"Firm Profile. † (2008). Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Beers and Cutler PLLC. Website: http://www.beersandcutler. com/firm/profile/ â€Å"Industry Profile: Accounting Services. † (2008). Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Hoover’s Inc. Website: http://premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/ind/fr/profile/basic. xhtml? ID=74 â€Å"Microsoft Web Developers: BEERS and CUTLERS. † (2008). Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Yahoo! Inc. Website: http://hotjobs. yahoo. com/job-J7ZN5I1Q0Y8? rec=2 Sarath, P. (2008). Beers and Cutler PLLC. Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Hoover’s Inc. Website: http://premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/co/factsheet. xhtml? ID=rysfhtfshyhhhyy

Market survey in construction industry

Identify top three areas for improvement and provide suggestions Answer: 1 All the firms need to exhibit a touch with their markets and customers. Such a step will provide best reputation. But majority of the firm lose touch due to several reasons. Such reasons are indicated in the following table no. L Reasons leading to no touch[table no:l] 1. Non professionalism lack of expertise. 2. Adamant / improper culture higher Judgments. 3. Less information about the market unfair nature of the company. 4. Less information what customer wants InnocenceRemarks: The above table is indicating the reasons for lack of touch and also the factors behind each factor. Implication of the above reasons: 1. Loss of reputation. 2. Decline in the market share. 3. Rapid drops in the profitability. Remedial measures to overcome above: 1 . Training the department and professionals. 2. Conducting a market research to assess aspirations of clients and customers. 3. Design/develop/organizequestionnairesfor dat a collection/ analysis. Answer:AAA I am associated with Shapiro Apollonian & co Ltd. My company is lost the projects for so many reasons,In this case, my company lost touch with the market segment due to this, company is exhibiting learning competency to show improvements. This is shown in the following table. Learning competency: [table no: 2] Factor Learning competency Customer satisfaction. Management requirement/product design/development. High quality. TTS Low cost. Cost reduction/cost control. Post sale service. Commitment/special team development/necessary. Lower guaranty/warranty Product life cycle appearance. The above table indicates the learning competency adoption measuring.Product Life Cycle Initial Occidentalizing Development mm [Fig no: 1] mm mm Tabooed figure indicating the learning competency adoption measures The above product life cycle approach indicates three important areas for improvement. 1 . Product technology in an innovative fashion so as to deliver high q uality products at the lowest price. 2. Very high productivity oriented labor to deliver products in time with very low rejection rates. 3. Well established infrastructure [non automatic] where the machinery are contributing to successful production.The above areas contribute to a healthy working to the company. Suggestions for improvement: A long sustenance in the market demands very high customer satisfaction. Hence, the company should work for improved quality at lowest cost to attract customer satisfaction 2. Company should consider product obsolescence. It means the company to be vigilant always to modern developments. 3. Automation to be avoided. This is because the question on learning competency. Learning is on the part of individuals but not on machines. Machines do not learn but individuals learn.Hence major proportion of labor and a miner proportion of machines is recommended. Other improvements 1 . Marketing's with high profit orientation. 2. Setting product strategy wit h higher contributions. 3. E -commerce marketing practices attracting key customers. 4. Designing and managing integrated marketing communications interactive marketing for effective market share enhancements rapidly. 5. Managing development process to release products as per schedules. 6. Building customer value satisfaction and loyalty. All these improvements are oriented towards a very rapid growth.

Change from Qualitative to Quantitative Article

Change from Qualitative to Quantitative - Article Example Tanya L. Rogers (2010) carried out a qualitative study to further explore the aforementioned issue and elucidate the factors underlying success of students enrolled in an entry level nursing program, the findings of which have been described in the article named â€Å"Prescription for success in an associate degree nursing program (Rogers, 2010).† The current study was important as it addresses and underscores a very important issue and adds to the existing body of knowledge in this regard. However, this study has certain limitations which require further exploration, such as the degree of association between the identified factors for success and the academic performance of the students, as this would be a more objective indicator of whether there is any causal relationship or association between the identified factors underlying success and actual success, as reflected by academic performance and test scores. A quantitative study would go one step beyond the qualitative stud y by ascertaining the level of association and the degree of impact of each of the identified factors on the success in program completion and NCLEX-RN results and, thus will help in overcoming these shortcomings in the existing knowledge base. Research Purpose The qualitative study conducted by Rogers (2010) aimed at elucidating the factors underlying successful program completion and the NCLEX-RN results amongst students enrolled in an associate degree nursing (ADN) program. However, a qualitative approach would not enable researchers to objectively determine the level of association between each of the identified factors and successful program completion and the NCLEX-RN results. The best way to elucidate an association between different variables or the existence of a causal relationship and to prove or disprove a hypothesis is to conduct a quantitative study (Shuttleworth, 2008). Thus, in this case, a quantitative study is required which would enable determination of the relati onship between the factors identified for success and actual indicators of success, i.e. program completion and NCLEX-RN results. Informed Consent and Ethical Considerations The informed consent and ethical considerations would be the same as described by Rogers (2010). The study will be conducted after obtaining approval from Institutional review board (IRB) of the concerned institution. Written informed consent will be signed by each participant at the commencement of the study and complete confidentiality will be maintained throughout using pseudonyms for all participants to mask their true identities. Design The study design used by Rogers (2010) was a qualitative study design using interviews and document analysis. The current quantitative study would be a cross sectional study, i.e. observational quantitative study design (Hopkins, 2008).This design will enable the determination of an association between the identified factors for success such as experience, faculty involvemen t, study habits, etc and performance indicators including successful program completion and NCLEX-RN scores. Sample A sample comprising of 6 seniors and 3 faculty members was used by Rogers (2010) for the qualitative study. However, the quantitative study, being cross sectional in nature will use a much larger sample size. The sample size will be calculated using a 95% confidence level and 80%

The Power of Internal Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Power of Internal Marketing - Research Paper Example Internal marketing dictates that excellent marketing departments, by no means, are the guarantee of extraordinary value creation for the customer. In fact, any organization, where employees point out at the marketing department by saying that â€Å"They do the marketing†, might not ever be able to realize its potential (Knudsen, 1995). Only when employees start understanding that the goal of achieving customer satisfaction, through value creation, is the job of all employees, the company becomes a pure market organization (Lauer, 2010; Boone and Kurtz, 2011). Consider the example of a Vice President of Marketing at an airline company. He has adopted a market penetration strategy and intends to do the same with cleaner cabins, lower fares, better-trained crew and providing better quality food, which lead to customer satisfaction, customer retention and word of mouth advertisement. However, the Vice President is helpless in this case because the catering department serves food of average quality in order to keep the costs down. The human resource department does not care if the crewmembers are friendly enough. The maintenance department is indifferent about high quality and constant cleaning and just focuses on ordinary services. Furthermore, the finance department has been increasing the fares in order to improve the liquidity position of the company (Cahill, 2008).

There is a body of litterature that proposes that customer ...... to Essay

There is a body of litterature that proposes that customer ...... to what extent do you believe this to be true - Essay Example (Skogland & Siguaw, 2004, p. 221) Research has shown that in the United States, customer defection is high; this means that customers will not return for a second purchase of the product from businesses or firms. U.S. corporations lose half of their customers over a span of five years resulting in 25 to 50 percent reduction of corporate performance. Companies invest millions of dollars in customer retention programs. Skogland & Siguaw’s (2004, p. 221) study cite Marriott who spent $54 million in 1996 on its Honored Guest program, while Hyatt invested $25 million in its loyalty program that same year. Research on customer loyalty has primarily focused on customer satisfaction and involvement. However, findings on the linkage between repeat-purchase behavior and satisfaction have provided mixed results. Some report significant links, while others are doubtful. In the past century, RM was a major trend and a controversial talking point in business management. Strategic competitive advantage could no longer be delivered with just product characteristics but with emphasis on satisfying customers. (Barnes, 1994, cited in Egan, 2003, p. 145) Relationship marketing (RM) and customer relationship marketing (CRM) are two interrelated subjects. â€Å"Relationship marketing is marketing based on interaction within networks of relationship†¦ CRM [includes] values and strategies of relationship marketing – with particular emphasis on customer relationships – turned into practical application† (Gummesson, 2002, p. 3). Relationship marketing was first contributed by Berry (1983) as a new rubric for services marketing, with insights in the 1980s pointing to service risk points in the customer relationship life cycle. In the 1990s, relationship marketing became a key marketing issue (Ballantyne et al., 2003, p.159-160). Due to constant changes in marketing, there have been departures from mainstream marketing

Lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Lab report - Essay Example The ration of the extension in length to the original length is referred to as tensile strain. Consequently, modulus of elasticity of the material is obtained by finding the ration between tensile stress and strain. The measurement of extension of a material before it snaps enables the classification of the material or specimen as ductile or brittle. The yield strength of a ductile material is obtained when the expansion is 0.2 percent. In order to understand the behavior of materials under high stress or loading rates, impact test is done. Impact tests are usually done using Izod or Charpy procedures. Impact test on steel and plastic aims at establishing their toughness. Impact test determines the behavior of a material under high stress levels that include tension/torsion and bending of the material. A specimen in impact test is broken by a single blow is a specially designed device. The energy spent in breaking the specimen in a single blow is the quality of the material or specimen. The property of a material varies with variation in temperature, thus conducting the experiment at different temperatures allows for the determination of change in properties of the material as temperature changes. Steel has a yield value of 43 ksi, which is approximately the same as the expected value. Also, the tensile strength and strain as well as ultimate strength before the material snaps are approximately the same as measured value. The modulus of elasticity of aluminum measured value tends towards 11 Msi as it approaches power six, which is perceived as equal value. The measured value for Plexiglas is very close to expected value as seen in Table 1. The temperature of the specimen affects impact test on the specimen. Consequently, in order to determine the effect of temperature on impact test, a similar specimen is tested under two different temperatures. The measured value or behavior of the specimen at two

Paper on business proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paper on business proposal - Essay Example Most of the organizations utilize financial, informational, material and human resource to run their business. In most of the cases it has been seen that were there is disorientation and mismanagement of human resource, problem occurs and other resources are also not properly utilized. In this study the focus would be on the difficult problems that business organizations encounter on daily basis. It has been noticed that these problems are usually those whose solutions are not so easily identifiable or they involve some form of controversy. Keeping in mind such issues, the study would begin with the discussion of the organization and its various day to day functions, the resources required for such functions, and the role of human resource in such situations. In order to describe the organization problems and discuss other significant aspects related to the functions and operations, a very famous Chinese home appliance company, Haier has been chosen. Though Haier has a stable positio n in the market and it is a very well-known brand, yet big organizations are bound to face difficult situations every day, which we are going to focus in this study (Haier lnc, 2012). Business Organizational Problems Companies and organizations around the world are continuously striving to examine and improve their ways of conducting business, so as to introduce multi-business model that would derive a good profit in the long run. The strategy implementation process is still the same in most of the organizations. It includes methods related to the implementation of organizational design, combining the organizational structure, control and strengthening the culture of the organization for smooth functioning of the multibusiness model concept in the organization for increasing the profitability. In order to assess the problem areas, it is very important to understand the organizational structure and the components that comprised of the framework of the organization, the shape of the o rganization, such as tall or short. This helps a lot in determining the problem areas in organization. Next we come to integration of different approaches, different structures, business or regulations within the organization. This is also important because it assists in determining when did the problem occur or might occur in near future. Then in case of re-engineering the organizational structure of functions we can notice that unidentified issues come up which even the management could not handle in the right manner (Ziegenfuss, 2001, p. 7-8). It has been noticed that organizational structure or financial issues are not always the root cause of the problems in the organization. Organizational culture is very important and it has been observed that every organization has its own unique set of culture, which differs from the other. Now based on the discussed reasons behind the organizational problems, we are going to understand the organizational problems of Haier, a famous Chinese home appliance. The first problem in Haier is regarding managing the human capital of the organization. In Haier even the exceptionally skilled employees are not rewarded adequately or motivated for his or her good work. Though the management considers it to be a part of their company policy, but it is proving itself as a bad employer among the human resource. Moreover, the approach of the company is to focus on individual efforts and performance, so there is no

Summarized article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summarized - Article Example Other factors that contributed to this was political instability and low prices of gas locally that led to the country importing this product from neighbours Qatar (the world’s leading natural liquefied gas producer NLG). The massive rise in demand for gas for both domestic and industrial use is forcing a gradual change of things although it will take billions for Kuwait to be able to fully tap this product. This is because the gas in the region is of low quality and high in sulphur making it hard to extract (Reuters 2014). According to Kelli Maleckar of energy consultancy IHS, there is a current realization by most gas producers from Middle East on both the environmental and economic benefits of increased production of gas. The other benefit is that gas can help ease on the current rising power demands in the region. Kuwait and United Arab Emirates have been on the upfront of gas import to meet their power demands. This has boosted their dependence of imported gas especially during summer when power consumption goes up due to increased air conditioning. Saudi Arabia does not import gas (Reuters 2014). Political woes have been at the centre stage of delaying negotiations with major producing companies to tap the resources that lie within the country. These may also make it difficult for the country to import from outside. The country has entered into $3 billion and a $12 billion deals with BP and Shell for five years and six years respectively. Though this has been achieved there is always that possibility of a parliamentarian raising the deal at any given time as stated by Eman Ebed Alkadi of consultancy Eurasia Group. Other deals that Kuwait has entered into include the one with Qatar a few weeks ago, though this could be just for a short time as a long term deal with Qatar is almost impossible given Doha’s support of the Islamists (Reuters 2014). The pipeline network in the region that has been in discussion for some time now would be an ideal

The human society today Essay Example for Free

The human society today Essay There are several reasons of prejudice in the human society today. Undeniably the diverse situation among the human population in the society today makes the said situation much harder to deal with. This is the reason why a motion to propose a program that shall handle the difficulties that several individuals experience because of prejudice shall be presented herein. The said program application shall be based upon a particular study that is to be based upon the researches that had been used and performed by other researchers before to strengthen the statement that prejudice is indeed a huge problem in the society. The integration of interview procedures within the research process shall also be among the most helpful elements that shall be utilized by the researcher of this study so as to strengthen the validation of the informations presented herein. II. Review of Literature At present, one of the most concerning and alarming sociological issues is the concept of prejudice between each individual or social group. Prejudice is basically similar to discrimination as this concept involves the adverse view and interactional relationship or treatment between the dominant and recessive societies. In an actual manifestation, prejudice can cause crimes and violence between the social groups and even result a sociological or political imposition of sanction against one particular society. The concept of prejudice is primarily caused by the differences in the society in one or more significant concern. For example, in the physical level, aesthetic physical value can either cause a positive or negative effect on the social view towards that individual. Other similar factors are the issues of ancestral background or race, social status, economic disposition, religious affiliation and others can also cause a similar scenario resulting to prejudice towards an individual or social groups. Differences in the personal or social views in these fields can cause conflict and discrimination in the society resulting to adverse views and social conception towards the other social group or person. Prejudice can either posts positive or negative impact on the society in general or in personal level. Considering the positive result. Adverse judgment or views can result to social barriers particular to a specific individual or social group, which can view as hindrances and challenging blocks in the course of success of the concerned party. In this scenario, by looking at the discrimination aspect as indeed a challenge, prejudism can promote rapid development and improvement particularly on the afflicted party as he or she of them struggle to overcome that adverse judgment. On the other hand, prejudism can also cause social dysfunctional and further segregation of the people mainly if it is practice in more personal level. Prejudism can cause further conflict and disparity as the people react negatively on the issue mainly if done in a closer proximity. Thus, the effect of prejudism is largely dependent on the personal views and social perspective of the people as they react and towards the said and how they struggle to overcome the adverse judgment towards them. III. Subjects for Interviewing For the proceedings of this study, there would be four individuals who would be the primary interviewees for the subject. Each of the said four belong to a certain race and are receiving oppressive reactions from the society that they are living with. (A) John is a 30-year old, white, a high school graduate, employed as a plumber who is married to a Mexican-American wife, and the father of two children† or (B) Sarah is a 22 year-old girls who is single, a college student, and an African American dating a white student from the same school. (C) Michael is a 25-year old guy who is working as a bellboy in a hotel, a young Filipino man who is currently married to a Latina and is residing at a small apartment in California. (D) Myrna is a 31-year old lady who was originally situated in China. She is currently married to an American man and a mother to a boy who is at the same time dating a white American. IV. Instrumentation The primary instrumentation utilized for this study are the researches that had been presented beforehand by other enthusiasts of the issue. Through reviewing the literatures that were primarily utilized to come up with the major claims in this study, the presentation of the matter is rather strengthened and performed with clarity. Later on, the integration of the interview results further strengthens the approach of the study in terms of actuality and life-accuracy of the claims and information presented herein. V. Findings: Summary of the Literature From the literature reviewed, it could be noted that prejudice is indeed a social ‘cancer’ that needs ample attention and regulation so as to normalize the situation that most minors experience from dealing with the natives of the land that they are living in. Most likely, the literatures that were reviewed herein make the informations of the study more reliable and clarified for better reader-understanding purposes. VI. Findings: Summary of Interviews The interviews performed by the researcher in this paper further clarifies the issue in an actualized view that naturally increases the knowledge of the readers based on life-based experiences that were related by the interviewees themselves. The impact of the said matter to them implies the real score of the situation in an actual measure of the social issue being dealt with. VII. â€Å"Prejudice Checklist† †¢ Education †¢ Racial Affiliation †¢ Religion and beliefs †¢ Economical Diversity †¢ Age and Gender VIII. Youth Program to Overcome Prejudice During the meetings, the area where it would be held is expected to have at least 15 seats to hold the exact number of the members of the group. Furthermore, bulletin boards and discussion boards should also be present to be able to present the progress of the program to the members of the entire group. (Marton, 1997, 32) The rules are simple; people who are to join the operations should be noted to have their attention focused upon the developments of the individuals that they are supporting. The inspiration that they are living their audience should be manifested through the acts of the young ones. Those who are handling the practical application of the program are supposed to keep track of the developments of the individuals and how they are directly affecting the lives of the people in their community.

Cross Layered Approach for Network Selection

Cross Layered Approach for Network Selection A Cross Layered Approach for Network Selection in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks M. Deva Priya, Dr. M. L Valarmathi, D.Prithviraj Abstract: Service delivery in a heterogeneous wireless network environment requires the selection of an optimal access network. Selection of a non-optimal network can result in undesirable effects such as higher costs or poor service experience. Consequently, network selection techniques play a vital role in ensuring quality of service in heterogeneous networks. Network selection in such an environment is influenced by several factors, with different relative importance, the access network selection problem is usually looked at from the aspect of multi-criteria analysis. The proposed mechanism is based on a modified Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) steps to assist the Mobile Subscriber Stations (MSSs) in selecting the top candidate network dynamically. The performance analysis reveals that this network selection scheme yields a better results in selecting the better network. Keywords: MCDM, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), WiMAX–Wi-Fi Scenario Introduction: The 4th Generation (4G) wireless networks aims at integrating various heterogeneous wireless access networks such as GPRS, 3G, Wi-Fi, WiMAX over an Internet Protocol (IP) backbone. With the integration of different access networks, wider ranges and higher Quality of Service (QoS) can be provided to the users. The next generation wireless networks have been designed to provide support for multimedia services with different traffic characteristics, different QoS guarantees and to satisfy different types of service level agreements (SLAs) for an increasing number of mobile users. The integration of different wireless network technologies is required to provide a â€Å"seamless† interoperability, integration and convergence among the heterogeneous technologies. Several heterogeneous wireless networks that consist of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) networks have started to be operated. IEEE 802.16 WiMAX: WiMAX, a broadband wireless technology, developed by the WiMAX Forum [IEEE standard] is based on the 802.16 standard. The main objective is to provide high speed data transfers over the air. It has a frequency range of about 2-11 GHz for Non-Line-of- Sight and 10-66 GHz for Line of Sight. The signal range for Line of Sight and Non Line of Sight are 30 miles and 5 miles respectively. There are two types of WiMAX, say Fixed and Mobile WiMAX. WiMAX supports different types of traffics like Best Effort (BE), Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS), nrtPS (Non- Extended Real-Time Polling Service), rtPS (Extended Real-Time Polling Service) and ertPS (Extended Real-Time Polling Service). It is a technology for next generation with potential applications such as cellular backhaul, hotspot, VoIP mobiles and broadband connection etc. Itis a standard based wireless technology that provides internet access and multimedia services at very high speed to the end user. IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi: WLAN (or WiFi) is an open-standard technology that enables wireless connectivity between equipments and local area networks. Public access WLAN services are designed to deliver LAN services over short distances. Coverage extends over a 50 to 150 meter radius of the access point. Connection speeds range from 1.6 Mbps, which is comparable to fixed DSL transmission speed, to 11 Mbps [Part 11 -1]. New standards promise to increase speeds to 54 Mbps. Today’s WLANs run in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio spectrums [Part 11 2]. The 2.4 GHz frequency is already crowded—it has been allocated for several purposes besides WLAN service. The 5 GHz spectrum is a much larger bandwidth, providing higher speeds, greater reliability, and better throughput [Part 11 3]. Handover Process: When a Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS) moving in an overlapping area, continuous service must be need so the technique â€Å"HANDOVER† is done. The handover technique is mainly used to redirect the mobile user’s service network from current network to a new network or one base station (BS) to another BS or one access point (AP) to another AP with same technology or among different technologies to reduce the processing delay in the overlapping area. Handover technique has the two types, Horizontal Handover and Vertical Handover. The homogenous wireless network performs horizontal handover, if there are two BSs using the same access technology, in current system called horizontal handover. This type of mechanism use signal strength measurements for surrounding BSs to trigger and to perform the handover decision. In heterogeneous wireless networks, the MSS or BS will be equipped with multiple network interfaces to reach different wireless networks. When an emerging mix of overlapping heterogeneous wireless networks deployed, vertical handover is used among the networks using different access technologies. Handover technique has the four phases: Handover Initiation, System discovery, Handover decision, Handoff execution. Handoff Initiation phase: The handover process was modified by some criteria value like signal strength, link quality etc. System discovery phase: It is used to decide which mobile user discovers its neighbour network and exchanges information about Quality of Service (QOS) offered by these networks. Handover Decision phase: This phase compares the neighbour network QOS and the mobile users QOS with this QOS decision maker makes the decision to which network the mobile user has to direct the connection. Handoff Execution phase: This phase is responsible for establishing the connection and release the connections and as well as the invocation of security service. The scope of our work is mainly in handover decision phase, as mentioned in the decision phase; decision makers must choose the best network from available networks. Multi – Criteria Decision Making: Handover decision problem deals with making selection among limited number of candidate networks from various service providers and technologies with respect to different criteria. Network selection schemes can be categorized in to two kinds: Fuzzy Logic based schemes and multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) based schemes. Three different approaches for the decision of the optimal access network selection are as follows: the network centric, the user centric and the collaborative approaches [Hwang, C. L, Meriem, K]. In network centric approach, the decision for the access network selection is made at the network side with goal to optimize the network operator’s benefit. The majority of network centric approaches are using game theory in order to select the network that will optimize the network operator’s profit. In the user centric approach, the decision is taken at the user terminal based only on the minimization of the user’s cost without considering the n etwork load balancing or other users. The selection of the access network is determined by using utility or cost or profit functions or by applying MCDM methods. The selection of an access network depends on several parameters with different relative importance such as the network and application characteristics, user preferences, service and cost etc., the access network selection problem can be solved by applying different MCDM algorithms. In the collaborative approach, the decision for the access network selection is made at the profits of both users and network operator. Multiple criteria decision making deals with the problem of selecting an alternative from a set of alternatives which are categorized in terms of their attributes. Generally there are two processes in MCDM techniques: (1) Weighting and (2) Ranking. Most popular classical MADM algorithms are SAW, TOPSIS, AHP, and GRA. In Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), overall score of a candidate network is determined by weighting sum of all the attribute values. In Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), the chosen candidate network is one which is closest to ideal solution and farthest from the worst case solution. Analytical hierarchical Process (AHP) decomposes the network selection problem in to several sub-problems and assigns a weight value for each sub-problem. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is then used to rank the candidate networks and selects the one with highest ranking. Related Work A novel optimization utility is presented [Pervaiz, Haris, Qiang Ni, and Charilaos C. Zarakovitis] to incorporate the quality-of-service (QoS) dynamics of the available networks along with heterogeneous attributes of each user. The joint network and user selection is modelled by an evolutionary game theoretical approach and replicator dynamics is solved to seek an optimal stable solution by combining both self-control of users’ preferences and self-adjustment of networks’ parameters, our study innovates over related efforts. This paper [Mehbodniya, Abolfazl, Faisal Kaleem, Kang K. Yen, and Fumiyuki Adachi] presents a novel approach for the design and implementation of a multi-criteria vertical handoff decision algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks based on the fuzzy extension of the Techniques for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) which is used to prioritize all the available networks within the coverage of the mobile user and to achieve seamless mobility while maximizing end-users satisfaction. A network selection mechanism based on two multi attribute decision making (MADM) methods namely multiple analytic hierarchy process (M-AHP) and grey relational analysis (GRA) method is proposed [Lahby, Mohamed, and Abdellah Adib]. The M-AHP is used to weigh each criterion and GRA is used to rank the alternatives. This paper [Rao, K. R., Zoran S. Bojkovic, and Bojan M. Bakmaz] provides a survey on fundamental aspects of network selection process and deals with network selection concept as a perspective approach to the always best connected and served paradigm in heterogeneous wireless environment. A cross-layer architectural framework for network and channel selection in a Heterogeneous Cognitive Wireless Network (HCWN) [Haldar, Kuheli Louha, Chittabrata Ghosh, and Dharma P. Agrawal] is proposed. A novel probabilistic model for channel classification based on its adjacent channels’ occupancy within the spectrum of an operating network is also introduced. Further, a modified Hungarian algorithm is implemented for channel and network selection among secondary users. A two-step vertical handoff decision algorithm [Liu, Chao, Yong Sun, Peng Yang, Zhen Liu, Haijun Zhang, and Xiangming Wen] based on dynamic weight compensation is proposed. It also adopts the filtering mechanism to reduce the system cost and improves the conventional algorithm by dynamic weight compensation and consistency adjustment. A speed-adaptive system discovery scheme [Yang, Peng, Yong Sun, Chao Liu, Wei Li, and Xiangming Wen] before vertical handoff decision, which effectively improves the update rate of the candidate networks set is introduced. Then a vertical handoff decision algorithm based on fuzzy logic with a pre-handoff decision method which reduces unnecessary handoffs, balancing the whole network resources and decreasing the probability of call blocking and dropping. A context-aware service adaptation mechanism [Chang, Jie, and Junde Song] under ubiquitous network relying on user-to-object, space-time interaction patterns which helps perform service adaptation is presented. Similar Users-based Service Adaptation algorithm (SUSA) is proposed, by combining entropy theory and fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process algorithm (FAHP). This approach adopts a suitably defined utility function [Pervaiz, Haris, and Qiang Ni], which at the same time takes into account the users importance for the considered attributes and the quality offered for these attributes by the available networks. The dynamics of network selection in cooperative wireless networks is modeled using an evolutionary game theory where an evolutionary equilibrium is sought as a solution to this game. A bandwidth allocation algorithm is proposed [Fei, Wenchao, Hui Tian, and Rongrong Lian] for Constant Bit Rate (CBR) and Variable Bit Rate (VBR) services depending on utility fairness among different networks and the fairness between new arrival and ongoing services. A utility function is introduced whose parameters are determined by the modified multi-state Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) which adapts to different load levels according to dynamic thresholds. A novel load balancing algorithm based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is proposed [Song, Qingyang, Jianhua Zhuang, and Rui Wen], which helps the heterogeneous WLAN/UMTS network to provide better service to high-priority users without decreasing system revenue. A novel selection policy [Sasaki, Misato, Akira Yamaguchi, Yuichi Imagaki, Kosuke Yamazaki, and Toshinori Suzuki] for a communication system in heterogeneous wireless networks, which applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) algorithm by taking into account the mobility of the user terminals is proposed. An intelligent context-aware solution based on advanced decision approaches like fuzzy logic and analytic hierarchy processes that considers both users and services requirements is proposed in [Zekri, Mariem, Badii Jouaber, and Djamal Zeghlache]. REFERENCES: IEEE Std 802.16-2009. IEEE standard for local and metropolitan area networks. Part 16: Air interface for broadband wireless access systems; 2009. Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification, IEEE 802.11 WG, Aug. 1999. Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification: High-Speed Physical Layer Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band, IEEE 802.11b WG, Sept. 1999. Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification: High-Speed Physical Layer in the 5 GHz Band, IEEE 802.11a WG, Sept. 1999. Hwang, C. L., Yoon, K. (1981). Multiple attribute decision making: Methods and applications. In A state of the art survey. New York: Springer. Meriem, K., Brigitte, K., Guy, P. (2008). An overview of vertical handover decision strategies in heterogeneous wireless networks. Elsevier, Journal of Computer, Communication, 37(10). Pervaiz, Haris, Qiang Ni, and Charilaos C. Zarakovitis. User adaptive QoS aware selection method for cooperative heterogeneous wireless systems: A dynamic contextual approach.Future Generation Computer Systems(2014). Mehbodniya, Abolfazl, Faisal Kaleem, Kang K. Yen, and Fumiyuki Adachi. A novel wireless network access selection scheme for heterogeneous multimedia traffic. InConsumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), 2013 IEEE, pp. 485-489. IEEE, 2013. Lahby, Mohamed, and Abdellah Adib. Network selection mechanism by using M-AHP/GRA for heterogeneous networks. InWireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), 2013 6th Joint IFIP, pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2013. Rao, K. R., Zoran S. Bojkovic, and Bojan M. Bakmaz. Network selection in heterogeneous environment: A step toward always best connected and served. InTelecommunication in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Services (TELSIKS), 2013 11th International Conference on, vol. 1, pp. 83-92. IEEE, 2013. Haldar, Kuheli Louha, Chittabrata Ghosh, and Dharma P. Agrawal. Dynamic spectrum access and network selection in heterogeneous cognitive wireless networks.Pervasive and Mobile Computing9, no. 4 (2013): 484-497. Liu, Chao, Yong Sun, Peng Yang, Zhen Liu, Haijun Zhang, and Xiangming Wen. A two-step vertical handoff decision algorithm based on dynamic weight compensation. InCommunications Workshops (ICC), 2013 IEEE International Conference on, pp. 1031-1035. IEEE, 2013. Yang, Peng, Yong Sun, Chao Liu, Wei Li, and Xiangming Wen. A novel fuzzy logic based vertical handoff decision algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks. InWireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC), 2013 16th International Symposium on, pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2013. Chang, Jie, and Junde Song. Research on Context-Awareness Service Adaptation Mechanism in IMS under Ubiquitous Network. InVehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), 2012 IEEE 75th, pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2012. Pervaiz, Haris, and Qiang Ni. User Preferences-Adaptive Dynamic Network Selection Approach in Cooperating Wireless Networks: A Game Theoretic Perspective. InTrust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom), 2012 IEEE 11th International Conference on, pp. 1609-1616. IEEE, 2012. Fei, Wenchao, Hui Tian, and Rongrong Lian. Utility-Based Dynamic Multi-Service Bandwidth Allocation in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks. In Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), 2012 IEEE 75th, pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2012. Song, Qingyang, Jianhua Zhuang, and Rui Wen. Load Balancing in WLAN/UMTS Integrated Systems Using Analytic Hierarchy Process. InRecent Advances in Computer Science and Information Engineering, pp. 457-464. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. Sasaki, Misato, Akira Yamaguchi, Yuichi Imagaki, Kosuke Yamazaki, and Toshinori Suzuki. Novel Communication System Selection Applying the AHP Algorithm in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks. InWireless Communications and Applications, pp. 241-249. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. Zekri, Mariem, Badii Jouaber, and Djamal Zeghlache. Context aware vertical handover decision making in heterogeneous wireless networks. InLocal Computer Networks (LCN), 2010 IEEE 35th Conference on, pp. 764-768. IEEE, 2010.

The Impact Of Sea Level Rise

The Impact Of Sea Level Rise With the rapid growth of knowledge in climate change, especially in sea level rise, its science and impacts, it is hardly surprising that the relationship between sea level rise and its impact on our environment, policies and building practices have attracted considerable attention in recent years. The policymakers, authorities and governing bodies acknowledge that increased sea levels will have significant medium to long-term social, economic and environmental impacts. In an attempt to provide an integrated view of climate change, Synthesis Report (IPCC, 2007) is produced which summarises observed changes in climate and their effects on natural and human systems, regardless of their causes, assesses the causes of the observed changes, presents projections of future climate change and related impacts under different scenarios. Further report discusses adaptation and mitigation options over the next few decades and their interactions with sustainable development, assesses the relation ship between adaptation and mitigation on a more conceptual basis and takes a longer-term perspective. Science of sea level rise From geological perspective, evidence show that the Earths climate has changed through the Earths geological history, spanning more than 3 billion years. From the abundant literature on the sea level rise, it has been observed that ocean levels have always fluctuated with changes in global temperatures, supported by different studies. During ice ages when the earth was 5Â °C colder than today; the sea level often was more than 100 meters below the present level (Dony et al., 1962; Kennet, 1982; Oldale, 1985). The sea level was approximately 20 feet higher than the current sea level in last interglacial period when the average temperature was about 1Â °C warmer than today (Mercer, 1968). Today, no fewer than 13 studies of global-mean sea level (MSL) change over various periods during the last 100 years concluded that MSL has been rising (IPCC, 1990, Ch. 9, Table 9.1 pp. 263). It appears that two primary processes contribute to sea level rise (SLR): thermal expansion of the oceans an d the loss of land-based ice due to increased melting (Bindoff et al., 2007). Global average sea level has risen since 1961 at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr and since 1993 at 3.1 [2.4 to 3.8] mm/yr, with contributions from thermal expansion, melting glaciers and ice caps, and the polar ice sheets (IPCC, 2007). However, whether the faster rate for 1993 to 2003 reflects decadal variation or an increase in the longer-term trend is unclear (IPCC, 2007). According to IPCC (2007) special report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario, the steric sea level changes relative to the global mean (the local part) in different ocean basins are attributed to differential heating and salinity changes of various ocean layers and associated physical processes. As a result of these changes, water tends to move from the ocean interior to continental shelves (Yin et al., 2010) Impacts of sea level rise on environment Sea level rise (SLR) has direct impact on environment. Increase in temperatures at global level as well as regional level has affected many marine systems (IPPC Report, 1997). A rise in sea level would inundate wetlands and lowlands, accelerate coastal erosion, exacerbate coastal flooding, threaten coastal structures, raise water tables, and increase the salinity of rivers, bays and aquifers (Barth and Titus, 1984). The literature confirms that indirect effects of sea level rise, as well as the potential impact of extreme events, may be more significant than direct effects in the future. Regarding human settlements, Scott (1996) expresses the view that the impacts of sea-level rise and extreme events are likely to be experienced indirectly through effects on other sectors for instance changes in water supply, agricultural productivity (Brinkman, 1995) and human migration. In addition to that, intensity and frequency change will be associated with oceans (Venugopalan, 1996; Nicholls et al, 1996), which will ultimately play a dominant part in the internal dynamics of human demography. Literature also explains the severity of global warming leading to sea level rise. Two global coupled climate models show that even if the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere had been stabilized in the year 2000, we are already committed to further global warming of about another half degree and an additional 320% sea level rise caused by thermal expansion by the end of the 21st century. Projected weakening of the meridional overturning circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean does not lead to a net cooling in Europe. At any given point in time, even if concentrations are stabilized, there is a commitment to future climate changes that will be greater than those we have already observed (Meehl, et al., 2005). Many terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems are already being affected by regional increases in temperatures (IPCC, 2007). The most rapid changes have been seen in parts of the Polar Regions where 2-3Â °C increases in temperature have occurred in the last 50 years. Concomitant changes in precipitation, ocean biogeochemistry, sea level, and extreme weather events are generating global concerns about the most effective strategies for conserving biological diversity as climate changes. Further concerns that societies may not be able to stabilize greenhouse gases at a level that will result in only a 2Â °C increase in global temperatures above preindustrial levels (Anderson Bows 2008) are leading to a growing realization that governments should develop contingency plans for 4Â °C increases in temperature. Biological diversity at all levels of organization is affected directly and indirectly by climate change and by adaptation and mitigation measures. Although the SLR pattern is very important, it suffers from an insufficient amount of study to date and was simply attributed to natural geological processes. With the recent progress in this field (Gregory et al. 2001; Levermann et al. 2005; Landerer et al. 2007) a better understanding of the SLR patterns in past, present, and future climates, and their underlying mechanisms, have been identified (Yin, et al., 2010). The acceleration is distinct from decadal variations in global sea level that have been reported in previous studies. Increased rates in the tropical and southern oceans primarily account for the acceleration. The timing of the global acceleration corresponds to similar sea level trend changes associated with upper ocean heat content and ice melt (Merrifield, et al., 2009). Impacts of sea level rise on policies The release of IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR) motivated researchers to expand the ranges of approaches and methods in use, and of the characterisations of future conditions required by those methods to undertake informed decision making in an environment of uncertainty through assessments of climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability (CCIAV) (Carter et al., 2007). Their range of application in assessments has since been significantly expanded and aims to understand and manage as much of the full range of uncertainty, extending from emissions through to vulnerability (Ahmad et al., 2001). The most commonly used standard assessment approach such as impact approach aims to evaluate the likely impacts of climate change under a given scenario and to assess the need for adaptation and/or mitigation to reduce any resulting vulnerability to climate risks (Carter et al., 2007). However, other approaches such as adaptation and vulnerability- based approaches, integrated assessme nt and risk management are increasingly being incorporated into mainstream approaches to decision-making, resulting into incorporation of wider objectives such as stakeholder involvement, capacity-building, prioritisation and costing of adaptation measures, interrelationships between vulnerability and adaptation assessments and to integrate national development priorities and adaptation options into existing or future sustainable development plans (SBI, 2001; COP, 2005). While, based upon research, the common response to sea level rise is to understand impacts and relate them to the categories of future characterisations which should be comprehensive, capable to capture the various aspects of the socio-economic/biophysical system it aims to represent and would indicate details with which any single element is characterised. From many characterisations of the future, most commonly used in CCIAV and other studies was found to be Scenarios and Projection. A scenario is a coherent, internally consistent, and plausible description of a possible future state of the world (Nakicenovic et al., 2000; Raskin et al., 2005). Scenarios are not predictions or forecasts, but are alternative images without ascribed likelihoods of how the future might unfold. They may be qualitative, quantitative, or both. An overarching logic often related several components of a scenario (Carter et al., 2007). Currently, two basic approaches are used to support climate adaptation p olicy on a regional and local scale, the predictive top-down approach and the resilience bottom-up approach (Dessai and Sluijs, 2008). Further studying the adaptation-based approaches risk management and integrated assessment approaches are found to be effective. Risk management examines the adaptive capacity and adaptation measures required to improve the resilience or robustness of a system exposed to climate change (Smit and Wandel, 2006). Risk-management approach can also be linked directly to mitigation analysis (Nakicenovic et al., 2007). Over the past 15-20 years, the scientific assessment of climate change impacts has improved considerable with regard to incorporating the human dimensions (e.g., IPCC, 1997; IPCC 2001a; NRC, 1999; Rayner and Malone, 1998; Wynne, 1987). At the same time, as mentioned in Moser (2005), various 23 studies support the fact, attention to the uncertainties, unknowns, and potential surprises in the science of climate change and in impact assessments have grown considerably. Moser, S (2005) emphasis the need of assessments to be taken seriously embedded with local realities and constraints to affect individual decision-makers and communal responses to climate change. Moser (2005) is an excellent study aimed at understanding coastal zone policies and their histories, the challenges and realities of costal policy-making and management, perceptions and understanding of climate change driven sea-level rise and coastal impacts. In other studies, Nicholls and Tol (2006) explored the potential impacts of sea-level rise using complementary impact and economic analysis methods at the global scale. In all future scenarios such as emission scenarios and socio-economic scenarios, they found that the exposure and hence the impact potential due to increased flooding by sea-level rise increases significantly compared to the base year (1990). The most vulnerable future worlds to sea-level rise appear to be which reflects differences in the socio-economic situation, rather than the magnitude of sea-level rise. However, future worlds which experience larger rises in sea-level than considered now, more extreme events, a reactive rather than proactive approach to adaptation, where GDP growth is slower or more unequal than, in the future remains a concern. As climate change threatens to cause the largest refugee crisis in human history (Biermann and Boas, 2010), the situation calls for new governance for the protection and voluntary resettlement of climate refugees-defined as people who have to leave their habitats because of sudden or gradual alterations in their natural environment related to one of three impacts of climate change: sea level rise, extreme weather events, and drought and water scarcity. Despite the threat of rising sea levels, the drive to develop Floridas coastline continues, reported by Mark Schrope, 2010. In his report, he refers to the retreat from submerging lands was relatively uncomplicated with low numbers and a simple lifestyle about 8,000 years ago when there were Native Americans living on land that now lies beneath the Gulf of Mexico (Balsillie et. al., 2004). Further he adds, that vulnerability, combined with its highly concentrated costal population, means that Florida will be a case study for other states and the world for in case of what would happen if you dont prepare for sea level, especially in lack of legislative and public attention to the issues. Impact of sea level rise on building practices Anticipated climate changes will greatly amplify risks to coastal populations. Globally, approximately 400 people live within 20 m of sea level and within 20 km of a coast (Small et al., 2000). By the end of the century, increases in SLR of two to five times the present rates could lead to inundation of low-lying coastal regions, more frequent flooding episodes, and worsening beach erosion (IPCC, 1996a and IPCC, 1996b). Many developed nations have experienced a four-decade rush to the shore, with concomitant beachfront development and exponentially increasing total values for beachfront real estate, infrastructure and buildings and that this unprecedented accelerating coastal development has unfortunately coincided with a century of accelerating global sea level rise means that the prediction of the future rate of shoreline retreat has become a major societal priority (Pilkey and Cooper, 2004). Highly developed coastlines with a large population and considerable private property and infrastructure are potentially at risk from inundation and flooding as well illustrated by three urban case study sites, lower Manhattan, Coney Island, and Rockaway Beach, in Gornitz et al. (2001) study. The greater frequency of severe flooding episodes may lead to abandonment of lower floors, as in Venice, or ultimately of entire buildings Gornitz et al. (2001). Thus zoning and land use policies would need to be established to enable an orderly and equitable pullback from the most vulnerable areas. This could be accomplished by a number of mechanisms such as designation of construction setback lines, removal of buildings or hard structures in imminent danger of collapse and acquisition of empty inland space so that beaches and wetland could be rolled out. To support dense local populations in low-lying sectors of Bangkok, structural measures that have already been undertaken to reduce the rates of coastal erosion which includes building storage dams, constructing barrages, divertin g channels and dykes, as well as planning future measures such as the development of pumping stations (Vitoolpanyakij, 2009). The implementation of improved warning and forecasting methods and the adoption of some land-use planning measures would reduce both current and future vulnerability such as altering the design standard of a physical defence such as realigned channel or a defence wall, altering the effectiveness of building codes based on designing against specified return period events, altering the area exposed to a potential hazard, and/or introducing hazards previously not experienced in an area (Yohe, 2007). Conclusion The issue of global sea level rise has aroused much interest because of its great practical and scientific importance, especially its major impact on most coastal regions. Bird (1993), Warrick et al. (1993) and Nichollas and Leatherman (1994) have well documented serious consequences of even a few mm/yr increase of sea level. Moreover, sea level rise is a unique indicator of global climate change, potentially providing a means for evaluating climate models via their hindcasts and forecasts (Douglas, 1997). Most literature calls for further research and rightly mentioned by Titus (1989) demands better estimates of future sea level rise, improved assessments of the impacts of global warming on coastal environments, improved ocean modelling that will be necessary for better projections of surface air temperatures which would require a substantial increase in the resources allocated for monitoring and modelling local, regional and global climate change. Other climatic variables such as winds, waves and storms should also be taken in consideration and sea-level rise should not be considered in isolation.

Buster Keatons The Cameraman :: essays research papers

The Cameraman (Rough Draft) The Cameraman (1928), an MGM Buster Keaton feature, is one of the last truly great feature films of the silent era. From the artistic balance it finds between the simplicity of an all-too-familiar storyline and the complexity of technique and cinematography, to the very-entertaining and captivating performances of its actors, the film that was nearly lost to the annals of motion-picture history is a multi-faceted gem that is joyous to watch. Simplicity is one of the big keys to the success of The Cameraman. The simple plot is of the age-old yet noble type (â€Å"hero-sees-girl, is-knocked-off-feet, goes-to-great-lengths-to-be-noticed, getting-in-much-trouble-en-route†). It has Buster trying to get a break as a cameraman into the newsreel department of a famous studio (MGM, and win the affections of the office receptionist, Sally, played by a beautiful Marceline Day. His endeavors land him in all sorts of uproarious situations, including several hilarious altercations with the romantic rival, a snooty â€Å"made† newsman played by Harry Goodwin. The thematic elements stay simple as well. Pungent with cynicism, irony rears its humorous head on more than one occasion. These bits of the film are delivered with perfect timing, laced with a little seriousness. One such instance is near the latter end of movie when Buster, in a daring stunt, saves Sally from drowning. He leaves her unconscious on the shore momenta rily while he rushes into a pharmacy mere yards away to get something to help her. During those few moments, she awakens, and Buster’s rival, who had abandoned her to drown in order to save his own skin, happens upon her just as she opens her eyes. She thinks he has saved her from certain peril and Buster emerges from the drug store with bandages and the like just in time to see them stroll off into the sunset, arm in arm. Another such moment comes when Buster has gone through hell and high water to obtain footage of a gang war going on in the city streets, only to find that he had never loaded film into his camera. Uncomplicated twists such as these lend to the easy, fun watching that The Cameraman is. There is no profoundly deep symbolism to be found, and the lack of any attempt at thought-provoking societal depictions really lend to a successful package. This is supposed to be comedy, and a marvelous one it is. Though simple, the plot of The Cameraman is perfectly construc ted.

Airport Security and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) E

Abstract Through the history of aviation the importance of airport security has steadily increased. Since the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, many changes have taken place at airports to prevent such an attack from occurring again. The purpose of this paper is to: outline airport security procedures, discuss the different technologies involved with airport security, as well as examine the components of airport security. In addition I will also discuss the Transportation Security Administration’s role in our nation’s airport security. Airport Security   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Airport Security is a necessity of Life both in America and through out the world. Without airport security our airports would not be able to function and terrorist attacks resembling those of September 11th, 2001, would be more common place. Passengers would be afraid to fly in fear of such a terrorist attack happening again. The airline industry would lose more revenue from lost ticket sales. Then the airports themselves would lose money from the lack of passengers boarding through their gates. Finally this lack of security would trickle down to the entire economy not only in the communities surrounding the airport and aviation industry, but to the nation’s economy as well. To keep this economic failure associated with another terrorist attack from happening, our nation must take the appropriate measures to prevent it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Airport security procedures are designed to deter, prevent, and respond to criminal acts that may affect safety and security of the traveling public† Wells and Young (2004, p. 280). In order for this to happen, airports must become more proactive instead of reactive to possible threats such as: hijacking, explosive devices on aircraft or any other possible criminal act that could happen aboard an aircraft. To accomplish President George W. Bush signed into effect the Aviation and Transportation security Act, on November 19th, 2001. This act was a result of the September 11th, 2001, terrorist attacks, and from this act the Transportation Security Administration was formed. Transportation Security Information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of the TSA is to protect all of the nation’s transportation systems to ensure freedom of movement for people and commerce. Commercial aviation has been a long-standing target for terrorists. Since the tragic attacks of September 11, 2001, subst... ...om key entry to combination locks, to advanced identification authentication machines. Security lighting may also be used to aid in perimeter security. It is located and around heavy traffic areas, aircraft service areas, as well as other operations and maintenance areas. Patrolling by airport security and staff as well as local law enforcement agencies may also be used to secure the perimeter around an airport.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper has covered the many different aspects of airport security. It is important to keep in mind that procedures, regulations, and technology associated with airport security are in a state of constant change. However, it is through these changes that our nation’s airports will show a steady improvement towards the safety and security of the passengers that visit them. References Transportation Security Administration. (2004, February 20). Capps II at a glance. Retrieved from Transportation Security Administration Web Site: http://www.tsa.gov/public/display?theme=5&content0900051980088d91 Wells, A. T., & Young, S. B. (2004). Airport Security ch. 8. In L. Hagar (Ed.), Airport Planning and Management (5 ed., pp. 279-307). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Machine Learning In Medical Applications Health And Social Care Essay

Machine Learning ( ML ) aims at supplying computational methods for roll uping, altering and updating cognition in intelligent systems, and in peculiar acquisition mechanisms that will assist us to bring on cognition from illustrations or informations. Machine larning methods are utile in instances where algorithmic solutions are non available, there is deficiency of formal theoretical accounts, or the cognition about the application sphere is ill defined. The fact that assorted scientific communities are involved in ML research led this scientific field to integrate thoughts from different countries, such as computational acquisition theory, unreal nervous webs, statistics, stochastic mold, familial algorithms and pattern acknowledgment. Therefore, ML includes a wide category of methods that can be approximately classified in symbolic and subsymbolic ( numeral ) harmonizing to the nature of the use which takes topographic point whilst acquisition.2.Technical treatmentMachine Learning provides methods, techniques, and tools that can assist work outing diagnostic and predictive jobs in a assortment of medical spheres. ML is being used for the analysis of the importance of clinical parametric quantities and of their combinations for forecast, e.g. anticipation of disease patterned advance, for the extraction of medical cognition for results research, for therapy planning and support, and for overall patient direction. ML is besides being used for informations analysis, such as sensing of regularities in the informations by suitably covering with imperfect informations, reading of uninterrupted informations used in the Intensive Care Unit, and for intelligent dismaying ensuing in effectual and efficient monitoring. It is argued that the successful execution of ML methods can assist the integrating of computer-based systems in the health care environment supplying chances to ease and heighten the work of medical experts and finally to better the efficiency and quality of medical attention. Below, we summarize some major ML application countries in medical specialty. Medical diagnostic logical thinking is a really of import application country of computer-based systems ( Kralj and Kuka, 1998 ; Strausberg and Person, 1999 ; Zupan et al. , 1998 ) . In this model, adept systems and modelbased strategies provide mechanisms for the coevals of hypotheses from patient informations. For illustration, regulations are extracted from the cognition of experts in the adept systems. Unfortunately, in many instances, experts may non cognize, or may non be able to explicate, what knowledge they really use in work outing their jobs. Symbolic larning techniques ( e.g. inductive acquisition by illustrations ) are used to add acquisition, and knowledge direction capablenesss to expert systems ( Bourlas et al. , 1996 ) . Given a set of clinical instances that act as illustrations, larning in intelligent systems can be achieved utilizing ML methods that are able to bring forth a systematic description of those clinical characteristics that unambiguously characterize the clinical conditions. This cognition can be expressed in the signifier of simple regulations, or frequently as a determination tree. A authoritative illustration of this type of system is KARDIO, which was developed to construe ECGs ( Bratko et al. , 1989 ) . This attack can be extended to manage instances where there is no old experience in the reading and apprehension of medical informations. For illustration, in the work of Hau and Coiera ( Hau and Coiera, 1997 ) an intelligent system, which takes real-time patient informations obtained during cardiac beltway surgery and so creates theoretical accounts of normal and unnatural cardiac physiology, for sensing of alterations in a patient ‘s status is described. Additionally, in a research scene, these theoretical accounts can function as initial hypotheses that can drive farther experimentation.2.1 MethodologyIn this subdivision we propose a new algorithm called REMED ( Rule Extraction for MEdical Diagnostic ) . The REMED algorithm includes three chief stairss: 1 ) attributes choice, 2 ) choice of initial dividers, and eventually 3 ) regulation building.2.1.1 Attributes ChoiceFor the first measure we consider that in medical pattern the aggregation of datasets is frequently expensiv e and clip consuming. Then, it is desirable to hold a classifier that is able to reliably name with a little sum of informations about the patients. In the first portion of REMED we use simple logistic arrested development to quantify the hazard of enduring the disease with regard to the addition or decrease of an 574attribute. We ever use high assurance degrees ( & gt ; 99 % ) to choose properties that are truly important and to vouch the building of more precise regulations. Other of import facet to reference is that depending on the sort of association established ( positive or negative ) through the odds ratio metric, we build the sentence structure with which each property ‘s divider will look in the regulations system. This portion of the algorithm is shown in the top of figure 1.2.1.2 Partitions ChoiceThe 2nd portion of REMED comes from the fact that if an property ten has been statistically important in the anticipation of a disease, so its mean ten ( mean of the value s of the property ) is a good campaigner as initial divider of the property. We sort the illustrations by the property ‘s value and from the initial divider of each property, we search the following positive illustration ( category = 1 ) in the way of the established association. Then, we calculate a new divider through the norm between the value of the found illustration and the value of its predecessor or replacement. This supplanting is carried out merely one time for each property. This can be seen in the in-between portion of figure 1.2.1.3 Rules ConstructionIn the last portion of the algorithm, we build a simple regulation system of the undermentioned manner: if ( ei,1 a†°? p1 ) and ( ei, J a†°Ã‚ ¤ pj ) and aˆÂ ¦ and ( ei, m a†°? autopsy ) so category = 1 else category = 0 where ei, J denotes the value of attribute J for illustration I, pj denotes the divider for attribute J and the relation a†°? or a†°Ã‚ ¤ depends on the association attribu te-disease. With this regulation system we make a first categorization. We so seek to better the truth of our system by increasing or diminishing the value of each divider every bit much as possible. For this we apply the bisection method and cipher possible new dividers get downing with the current divider of each property and the upper limit or minimal value of the illustrations for this property. We build a temporal regulation system altering the current divider by each new divider and sort the illustrations once more. We merely see a new divider if it diminishes the figure of false positives ( FP ) but does non decrease the figure of true positives ( TP ) . This measure is repeated for each property until we overcome the established convergence degree for the bisection method or the current regulation system is non able to diminish the figure of FP ( healthy individuals diagnosed falsely ) . This portion of the algorithm is exemplified at the underside of figure 1. We can appreciate that the end of REMED is to maximise the minority category truth at each measure, foremost choosing the properties that are strongly associated with the positive category. Then halting the hunt of the divider that better discriminates both categories in the first positive illustration, and eventually seeking to better the truth of the regulation system but without decreasing the figure of TP ( ill individuals diagnosed right ) .3. Machine acquisition in complementary medical specialty3.1 Kirlian consequence – a scientific tool for analyzing elusive energiesThe history of the so called Kirlian consequence, besides known as the Gas Discharge Visualization ( GDV ) technique ( a wider term that includes besides some other techniques is bioelectrography ) , goes back to 1777 when G.C. Lihtenberg in Germany recorded electrographs of skiding discharge in dust created by inactive electricity and electric flickers. Subsequently assorted researches contributed to the d evelopment of the technique ( Korotkov, 1998b ) : Nikola Tesla in the USA, J.J. Narkiewich-Jodko in Russia, Pratt and Schlemmer in Prague until the Russian technician Semyon D. Kirlian together with his married woman Valentina noticed that through the interaction of electric currents and exposure home bases, imprints of life beings developed on movie. In 1970 100s of partisans started to reproduce Kirlian exposure an the research was until 1995 limited to utilizing a photo-paper technique. In 1995 a new attack, based on CCD Video techniques, and computing machine processing of information was developed by Korotkov ( 1998a ; B ) and his squad in St. Petersburg, Russia. Their instrument Crown-TV can be routinely used which opens practical possibilities to analyze the effects of GDV. The basic thought of GDV is to make an electromagnetic field utilizing a high electromotive force and high frequence generator. After a thershold electromotive force is exceeded the ionisation of gas around the studied object takes topographic point and as a side consequence the quanta of light { photons are emitted. So the discharge can be fixed optically by a exposure, exposure detector or TV-camera. Assorted parametric quantities inA °uence the ionisation procedure ( Korotkov, 1998b ) : gas belongingss ( gas type, force per unit area, gas content ) , electromotive force parametric quantities ( amplitude, frequence, impulse wave form ) , electrode parametric quantities ( constellation, distance, dust and wet, macro and micro defects, electromagnetic field constellation ) and studied object parametric quantities ( common electric resistance, physical Fieldss, skin voltaic response, etc. ) . So the Kirlian consequence is the consequence of mechanical, chemical, and electromagnetic procedures, and field interactions. Gas discharge acts as agencies of heightening and visual image of super-weak procedures. Due to the big figure of parametric quantities that inA °uence the Kirlian consequence it is really diA ±cult or impossible to command them all, so in the development of discharge there is ever an component of vagueness or stochastic. This is one of the grounds why the technique has non yet been widely accepted in pattern as consequences did non hold a high duplicability. All accounts of the Kirlian consequence apprehended A °uorescence as the emanation of a biological object. Due to the low duplicability, in academic circles there was a widely dispersed sentiment that all ascertained phenomena are nil else but A °uctuation of the crown discharge without any connexion to the studied object. With modern engineering, the duplicability became suA ±cent to enable serious scientific surveies. Besides analyzing inanimate objects, such as H2O and assorted liquids ( Korotkov, 1998b ) , minerals, the most widely studied are populating beings: workss ( foliage, seeds, etc. ( Korotkov and Kouznetsov, 1997 ; Korotkov, 1998b ) ) , animate beings ( Krashenuk et al. , 1998 ) , and of class worlds. For worlds, most widely recorded are aureoles of fingers ( Kraweck, 1994 ; Korotkov, 1998b ) , and GDV records of blood extracts ( Voeikov, 1998 ) . Principal among these are surveies of the psycho-physiological province and energy of a human, diagnosing ( Gurvits and Korotkov, 1998 ) , reactions to some medical specialties, reactions to assorted substances, nutrient ( Kraweck, 1994 ) , dental intervention ( Lee, 1998 ) , alternate healing intervention, such as stylostixis, ‘bioenergy ‘ , homoeopathy, assorted relaxation and massage techniques ( Korotkov, 1998b ) , GEM therapy, applied kineziology and A °ower kernel intervention ( Hein, 1999 ) , leech therapy, etc. , and eve n analyzing the GDV images after decease ( Korotkov, 1998a ) . There are many surveies presently traveling on all over the universe and there is no uncertainty that the human elusive energy field, as vizualized utilizing the GDV technique, is extremely correlated to the homo ‘s psycho-physiological province, and can be used for nosologies, omens, theraphy choice, and commanding the effects of the therapy.4.LimitationM. Schurr, from the Section for Minimal Invasive Surgery of the Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, gave an invited talk on endoscopic techniques and the function of ML methods in this context. He referred to current restrictions of endoscopic techniques, which are related to the limitations of entree to the human organic structure, associated to endoscopy. In this respect, the proficient restrictions include: limitations of manual capablenesss to pull strings human variety meats through a little entree, restrictions in visualising tissues and limitations in acquiring diagnostic information about tissues. To relieve these jobs, international engin eering developments concentrate on the creative activity of new use techniques affecting robotics and intelligent detector devices for more precise endoscopic intercessions. It is acknowledged that this new coevals of detector devices contributes to the development and spread of intelligent systems in medical specialty by supplying ML methods with informations for farther processing. Current applications include suturing in cardiac surgery, and other clinical Fieldss. It was mentioned that peculiar focal point is put by several research groups on the development of new endoscopic visualizing and diagnostic tools. In this context, the potencies of new imaging rules, such as fluorescence imagination or optical maser scanning microscopy, and machine acquisition methods are really high. The clinical thought behind these developments is early sensing of malignant lesions in phases were local endoscopic therapy is possible. Technical developments in this field are really promising, nevert heless, clinical consequences are still pending and ongoing research will hold to clear up the existent potency of these engineerings for clinical usage. Moustakis and Charissis ‘ work ( Moustakis and Charissis, 1999 ) surveyed the function of ML in medical determination devising and provided an extended literature reappraisal on assorted ML applications in medical specialty that could be utile to practicians interested in using ML methods to better the efficiency and quality of medical determination doing systems. In this work the point of acquiring off from the truth measures as exclusive rating standards of larning algorithms was stressed. The issue of understandability, i.e. how good the medical expert can understand and therefore utilize the consequences from a system that applies ML methods, is really of import and should be carefully considered in the rating.5.Improvement & A ; ConclusionThe workshop gave the chance to research workers working in the ML field to acquire an overview of current work of ML in medical applications and/or addition understanding and experience in this country. Furthermore, immature research wor kers had the chance to show their thoughts, and received feedback from other workers in the country. The participants acknowledged that the diffusion of ML methods in medical applications can be really effectual in bettering the efficiency and the quality of medical attention, but it still presents jobs that are related to both theory and applications. From a theoretic point of position, it is of import to heighten our apprehension of ML algorithms every bit good as to supply mathematical justifications for their belongingss, in order to reply cardinal inquiries and get utile penetration in the public presentation and behaviour of ML methods. On the other manus, some major issues which concern the procedure of larning cognition in pattern are the visual image of the erudite cognition, the demand for algorithms that will pull out apprehensible regulations from nervous webs, every bit good as algorithms for placing noise and outliers in the information. The participants besides mentioned some other jobs that arise in ML applications and should be addressed, like the control of over adjustment and the grading belongingss of the ML methods so that they can use to jobs with big datasets, and high-dimensional input ( characteristic ) and end product ( classes-categories ) infinites. A repeating subject in the recommendations made by the participants was the demand for understandability of the acquisition result, relevancy of regulations, standards for choosing the ML applications in the medical context, the integrating with the patient records and the description of the appropriate degree and function of intelligent systems in health care. These issues are really complex, as proficient, organisational and societal issues become intertwined. Previous research and experience suggests that the successful execution of information systems ( e.g. , ( Anderson, 1997 ; Pouloudi, 1999 ) ) , and determination support systems in peculiar ( e.g. , ( Lane et al. , 1996 ; Ridderikhoff and new wave Herk, 1999 ) ) , in the country of health care relies on the successful integrating of the engineering with the organisational and societal context within which it is applied. Medical information is critical for the diagnosing and intervention of patients and therefore the ethical issues presented during its life rhythm are critical. Understanding these issues becomes imperative as such engineerings become permeant. Some of these issues are system-centered, i.e. , related to the built-in jobs of the ML research. However, it is worlds, non systems, who can move as moral agents. This means that it is worlds that can place and cover with ethical issues. Therefore, it is of import to analyze the emerging challenges and ethical issues from a human-centred position by sing the motives and ethical quandary of research workers, developers and medical users of ML methods in medical applications.

Kentucky Fried Chicken Case Study Essay

The case focuses on four major topics: (1) analysis of the fast-food industry from both a domestic and an international point of view; (2) the development of KFC’s business strategy from 1992 to 1996; (3) an analysis of KFC’s investment strategy in Mexico and Latin America; and (4) the Mexican peso crisis of 1995. This case begins by analyzing the strategic changes that took place in Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation (KFC) as it moved through a variety of ownership changes from the 1950s through the 1980s: (1) KFC’s founding by â€Å"Colonel† Harland Sanders in 1954; (2) the sale of KFC to Jack Massey and John Young Brown, Jr., in 1964; (3) Heublein’s acquisition of KFC in 1971; (4) the acquisition of Heublein by R. J. Reynolds in 1982; and (5) PepsiCo’s acquisition of KFC in 1986. As such, the case provides an opportunity to examine issues related to corporate diversification/ acquisition strategy and business portfolio management. The case also discusses the U.S. fast-food industry and its international dimension. It also examines KFC’s international strategy with a particular focus on Mexico, providing a vehicle for discussion of risks and opportunities of doing business in a foreign country. Some of the Strategic Issues and Discussion Questions for This Case Include: 1. How did different corporate parentage-under Heublein, R. J. Reynolds, and PepsiCo-affect KFC? 2. What motivated the three international corporations to buy KFC? 3. Can you identify any added value that each of these three firms brought to KFC? 4. What are the driving forces in the fast-food industry? 5. Using the five forces model, assess the strength of each force within the fast-food industry. 6. Complete a SWOT analysis for KFC.  7. In what ways is KFC positioned to take advantage of the industry’s key success factors? 8. What are the major strategic issues surrounding KFC’s decision to expand or freeze growth in Mexico?

Modern Family Essay

Family is an essential part of every person’s life and of our society. Family is a little world with its own values and priorities. Close families share dreams, ideas, hopes and even possessions, and it’s a good side of being a family. However, as usual, every good thing can have its drawbacks. Same with families: they can often have different types of problems. One of the most frequent and common problems is the misunderstanding between parents and children, due to the difference of generations. This problem is especially acute with teenagers, who want to have more freedom, to express their self-identity in a way they want to. They can also gradually develop different values and interests which conflict with those of their parents. During this complicated periods, parents should rather try to understand their children, find the right approach to them, or find the ways to solve the conflicts. It’s important to talk about the family problems openly to solve them. There are also many problems in modern young families, which might be based on misunderstanding, shortage of money, bad conditions of living and else. Family conflicts often occur because of change of interests. To solve such kind of problems families should try to spend more time together. Another variety of problems occurs in extended families, between brothers and sisters. They often quarrel or treat each other badly. They can also get jealous about parents’ attention. From one hand, nobody wants to share and many people prefer they had more privacy and freedom. From the other hand, life without siblings would be boring. There are many other problems which can take place in any family, but when regarded with love, respect and understanding, every problem can be solved.

Managing people Essay

2. What mental models do you have about attending a university or college lecture? Are these mental models helpful? Could any of these mental models hold you back from achieving the full benefits of the lecture? To achieve our goals with some degree of predictability and sanity, road maps are used. Road maps (mental models): are internal representations of the external world. Consist of visual or relational images in our mind, such as what the classroom looks like or Conceptually what happens when we submit an assignment late. Rely on it to make sense of our environment through perceptual grouping Models fill in the missing pieces, including causal connection among events Example: mental model about attending a class lecture or seminar assumptions or expectations about where the instructor and students seat themselves in the room, how they ask and answer questions Create a mental image of a class in progress 1st class of the semester: would expect that lecturers would go through the topic guide and what is expected outcome of this topic. Expect that lecturer would start the discussion of the tutorials before going through the lecture. An important role in sense making, yet they also make it difficult to see the world in different ways. Example: accounting professionals tend to see corporate problems in terms of accounting solutions marketing professionals see the same problem from a marketing perspective Blocks our recognition of new opportunities How do we change it? Developed through several years of experience and reinforcement. To constantly question them and ask ourselves about the assumption we make. Working with people from diverse background, cultures and different area of expertise will make us realise our own assumption These assumptions may hold me back. If I presume that the first lecture would be on going through the topic guide when there is a tutorial and I did not prepare. Or when I ought to have read the chapter before attending the first lesson so that I am able to participate. 3. Do you define yourself in terms of the university or college you attend? Why or why not? What are the implications of your answer for your university? We define ourselves to a large extent by the groups to which we belong or have an emotional attachment. Social identity theory explains the dynamics of social perception – how we perceive others. Influenced by three activities in the process of forming and maintaining our social identity Categorisation Categorising people into distinct group Remove that person’s individuality and instead see them as a prototypical representative of the group ‘Australians’. Allows you to distinguish Australians from people who live in NZ, HK and other countries in that region Homogenisation Tend to think that people within each group are very similar to each other Australians collectively have similar attitudes and characteristics Every individual is unique but we tend to lose sight of this fact when thinking about our social identity and how we compare to people in other social groups Differentiation Fulfils our inherent need to have a distinct and positive self-convept. We do more than categorise people and homogenise them Differentiate groups by assigning more favourable characteristics to people in our groups than to people in other groups It’s often subtle but can escalate into a ‘good-guy-bad-guy’ contrast when groups are in conflict with each other â€Å"Hello-kitty† people 6. Describe a situation in which you used behaviour modification to influence someone’s behaviour. What specifically did you do? What was the result? 7. Why are organisations moving toward the use of experiential approaches to learning? What conditions are required for success? Another way that employees learn is through direct experience Most tacit knowledge and skills are acquired through experience as well as observation. Begin when we engage with the environment; then reflect on the experience and form theories about how the world around us works Most important ingredient is a strong learning orientation within the organisation and its employees. People with a global mindset have a strong learning orientation that they welcome new learning opportunities, actively experiment with new ideas and practices, view reasonable mistakes as a natural part of the learning process and continuously question past practices. Encourage employees to question long held assumptions or mental models and to actively ‘unlearn’ practices that are no longer ideal